Deming’s 14 Points

One of Deming’s points was pertinent to leadership. He felt that the aim of supervision should be to help people and machines and gadgets to do a better job. Supervision of management is in need of an overhaul, as well as supervision of production workers. (Cohen, 2008) Leadership influences people in order to achieve the set target. It defines what the future should look like, aligns people with that vision and inspires people to attain that vision despite of any hurdles (Hughes, 2006). Leadership is the art of helping unproductive workers and machinery to be productive, organizations is full of inefficient workers and equipments and it is the duty of the leader to make proficient use of these resources. A good leader aims to remove the barriers in the organization so that improvement can take place not only in the workers but also in the processes and procedures. In order for the leader to center his attention to the quality of the system he needs to know the system, the leader has to be updated and knowing of all that goes in the workplace. Deming also made it clear that supervisors should not act as managers rather leaders, he felt that this was essential if they wanted to attain the quality standards. Leaders are coaches, it is their jobs to develop and enforce rules in the company. Deming felt that supervisors and managers should be replaced by leaders as these people are more proactive. One might think that the supervisors are likewise to leaders but this is a misconception. Supervision is to oversee people under you while they are performing whereas leadership is to inspire people under you to get the assigned work done. Austenfeld, 2001) Deming’s was of the opinion that it is the duty of the manager to be a leader; he has to motivate the employees and make them more focused on meeting the quality needs of the company. Many people are of the opinion that a leadership skill in a quality that is in-built in a person but this is not entirely true this can also be developed through continuous learning process. I f a person is getting work down via his power to dictate terms then that doesn’t make that person a leader. A leader is a person who empowers the people under him to make the decisions affecting them . A good leader combines emotional intelligence with the courage to raise tough questions, challenge people’s assumptions about strategy and operations and risk losing their goodwill, i. e. he does not care about pleasing individuals but rather believes in the greater good of the company. Great CEOs are in fact superb leaders and hence organization should focus on retaining their assets within the organization. As that will be beneficial for the business and provide it with competitive advantage as well. Its very common that people who are actually working would have better knowledge about the task being performed and can take better and more appropriate decisions when required compared to the higher authority therefore the goal of leadership is to empower employees so that they become motivated and work more effectively than before as they are being trusted and encouraged by their bosses to make improvements in the system. Today management of people is not done the way it was done before. Employees need motivation else it will affect organization’s performance. The only object which is constant is change and organizations need to make changes in the system all the time and it is the job of the leaders to implement the change effectively that it won’t be considered as a threat to the employees and that they would accept it rather than resisting it. By applying this point of Deming we will have those leaders in the organization that don’t force people to conform to their opinions. A new system based on equity and justice would be established and the employees will not commit fraud. If the organization has dynamic leaders then the employees won’t have to use under the table approaches to meet targets as a leader doesn’t focus on quantitative goals rather qualitative ones. The ethical dimension of leadership is based on establishing an example for the people under them by performing ethical behavior, by doing this they will help strengthen the moral behavior of the workers. If this isn’t done then it will lead to the deterioration of the organization. An ethical leader should have pride, patience, persistence and perspective in order to be a role model. Leadership can be dangerous when the leader is so much involved in achieving the vision that he overlooks internal and external signals that highlight that the vision is not appropriate. Leadership is about inspiring people but if not done ethically then it’s not good as it will create negative perception and will in the end affect the organization (Hughes, 2006). By instituting the element of leadership effectively we see the creation of sound ethical leaders, they have a lot of power with them but because of their high sense of distinction between right and wrong they don’t misuse their authority. This point made by Deming expresses the need for a leader to apply the ethical behavior model to them that includes moral sensitivity, moral judgment and moral motivation. So when a leader examines the consequences of ones action and then performing the best possible course of action and together with this he also inspires employees to be ethical in their approach. By working in this manner the leader is being ethical. If leaders are ethical in their conduct then they could do wonders for the company. The customers of today competitive environment associate great worth to companies that are ethical and to institute this sort of environment in the company we need the presence of moral leaders. This point of Deming urges to replace supervisors with leaders as they are more proactive and charismatic. But this can also lead to some ethical dilemmas, the leader is now the person who has authority, he is the one who is making the system but what if he isn’t being fair? What if the leader isn’t living up to the expectation and is rather engaging in fraudulent activities? In this case the benefits of Deming’s theory can’t be reaped. At times it is seen that the employees take advantage of the leader, they know that he will not severely punish them and keeping this in mind they start slacking and don’t consider the consequences of their actions on the company. Unethical charismatic leaders produce dependent followers though it’s wrong as mentioned before that the goal of leadership is to empower workers in order to increase their effectiveness. Unethical leaders use their power for their personal benefit. They misuse the organizational resources for their own well being. Leader sometimes deviate from the strategic focus and start relaxing after getting success from past performance. Leader should be rewarded or punished based on the behavior, if they are being unethical then they should be punished as they have a great impact on the employees and if they are corrupt then there is no stopping the workers under them to be unethical. References Austenfeld, Robert B. (2001, May,10). W. Edwards Deming: The Story of. W. Edwards Deming: The Story of, Retrieved 2008, October, 21, from http://www.iqfnet.org/Ff4203.pdf Cohen, Phil (2008). Deming's 14 points. Retrieved October 21, 2008, from Deming's 14 points Web site: http://www.hci.com.au/hcisite2/articles/deming.htm Hughes, M. (2006).Change Management,A Critical Perspective. C/PD House 151 The Broadway,Wimbledon London,SW1915Q: The Chartered Institute Of   Personell And Development.   

A mom before the Prom Essay

Teen pregnancy has been gravelly increased in the last few years. Bad media influences (Many programs at TV programs or sexual content movies as well as other mediums) can be the factors that teen girls nowadays are getting a wrong advice that teen motherhood can a common way to live. Partners and friends’s bad influence is making them think that is right to have sex at a young age and will make them feel more popular. In that regards, this essay by Cristina page is restating the issue that more forms of bad media and wrong people’s influences are available today than ever before and consequently teens girls are much more exposed to a lot of information and these sometimes switch teen girl’s mind to do something wrong when they think is totally normal and it also has made teen girls to believe that having children at a young age might be beneficial because they think giving a child for adoption might improve their fortune giving them away for millions of dollars , so it can’t ruin her adolescence too but in reality it can really affect them. – Personally I can share the view of the author in this essay: Teen pregnancy is in reality one of the most difficult experiences a teen girl might ever face when that can interrupt her education or other plans such as getting a better career or maintain fathers with them, but most of the time it doesn’t work and that’s when the situation gets worse. Children usually grow without a father figure when their parents have them at a very young age or sometimes they don’t even live with both parents because they can’t take care of them or support them economically. So when this children start to live without a parental guide , they grow adopting a bad behavior and getting the wrong advices from other bad people and turned into criminals , stealers, or other people of bad reputation because they live in a poor ambient without having a parent who can guide and help them to raise their levels of education. – Most of the time, when teen moms decide to have a baby, teen girls don’t really take care of their babies when they are still formatting inside their body as old mothers and because of their immaturity, sometimes they don’t realize the huge damage they cause to their babies if they start smoking and drinking or working so hard because now they need to support themselves economically carrying heavy stuff when they have to rest the most during their pregnancy. Children are tending to born prematurely, with a disease, a mental retardation or even born death. – Usually we think that there’s not any difference of acquiring the same standards of education or a good life when a kid’s parents are so young and the other’s parent are more mature. The children of teen parents can suffer more of abuse at home and at school or disregard from their parents and grow more with farness or adopt a bad behavior, so that implies that they could not do so well at school, they could get lower grades and repeat their classes or drop out from High School without completing their education. This might increase the raise of poverty in families with young parents too and this leads society into decreasing its economy too. I really enjoyed reading this essay because it deals with a controversial issue and restates the causes of why teen pregnancy is becoming a worldwide problem, it must be thought in class so we can share our own viewpoints about it. 10-) – I encourage people to consider more this issue because if we want a better life for our

Implications of Affirmative Actions on Business

Implications of Affirmative Action on Business ` Affirmative actionprograms, as we know them, are less than 50 years old, and are usually viewedas a series ofpositive steps taken to ensure the representation of minority groups in fields that have traditionallyexcluded them. It protects both racial and ethnic minorities, as well as women, in the areas of education, business, and government. Affirmative action, whichhas its roots in the Constitutional ideal of equal opportunity, is the government’s way of both eliminating inequality and making amends for past discrimination. Sometimes viewed as â€Å"reverse discrimination† for blatantly favoring one group over another, affirmative action programs often differ in the extent to which they attempt to rectify discrimination by either instituting reviews of the hiring process for minority groups or explicitly preferring members of select groups. In many ways, affirmative action has helped women and minority groups obtain and keep positions in either work or school that they would otherwise have been unable to attain. However, since the beginning of affirmative action in the 1960s, these policies have had many implications for businesses—both positive and negative—and have instituted many changes. ` ` President John F. Kennedy signed Executive Order 10925 in March of 1961. The order was originally designed with governmentcontractors in mind, and stated thatsaid contractors would â€Å"take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during their employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin. Executive Order 10925 did not advocate special treatment of minority groups, as would later come to pass, but was initially intended to eliminate discrimination from hiring and employment practices. In Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,the government’s position on the policy of affirmative action was solidified, and a new branch of the U. S. Department of Labor was created: the Equal Employment Opportunity Commi ssion (EEOC). The purpose of the EEOC was to serve as a mediator between plaintiffs and private employers who disregarded the tenets ofaffirmative action, and to ensure restitution to the affected. These changes to hiring and employment practices caused many to voice concerns: Should minority groups receive preferential treatment in fields they were previously excluded from? Does this constitute a violation of the principle of equal opportunity in the form of â€Å"reverse discrimination†? ` ` In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246 which required government contractors to actually document their efforts to ensure equality in hiring practices, and gave the Secretary of Labor the right to investigate and rectify anyaccusations of discrimination. The government could punish violations of the order by canceling contracts, barring companies from future contracts, and other measures† (Kowalski, 27). In 1967, Johnson’sorder was furtherexpanded by Executive Order 11375 to include women as well as minorities and, in 1968, under the administration of President Nixon, specific goals or â€Å"quotas† for the hiring of women and minoriti es wasinstituted. By 1972, the â€Å"four-fifths rule† was in effect, which â€Å"held that firms contracting with the federal government should not be allowed to hire any race, sex, or ethnic group at a rate below four-fifths that of any other group† (eNotes). The EEOC was also strengthened in 1972 by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. Now, the Commission was able to file class action law suits against corporations in violation of affirmative action policies. The Carter administration, in 1977, initiated the Public Works Employment Act, requiringat least ten percent of federal money given to certain projectsto be allocated toboth minority and women business enterprises. ` ` During the 1980s, affirmative action felt little government support under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush. Both resisted expansion in government contracting, and court decisions began to negate some affirmative action programs. Universities and businesses were struggling to conform to theguidelines of affirmative action while still maintaining certain standardsof operation. Eventually, many of these programs were either scaled-back or set-aside altogether. In the 1990s, Clinton vowed to â€Å"mend, not end† affirmative action programs. He began to reevaluate the programs of several federal agencies, which some believe had positive results. ` There are many arguments for affirmative action in hiring and employment practices. Historically, almost 90% of all jobs are filled internally, with positions going to relatives and friends of those already employed. Employers often fill these positions with people who are under-qualified, and had the position been advertised properly, the hiring managers may have found a better candidate for the job. Affirmative action has â€Å"encouraged ma ny companies to engage in employment practices that set minimum standards of job definition, recruiting, outreach, and evaluation hat result in choosingthe right person for the job† (Diverse Strategies). These practices also promote diversity. When properly managed, diversity can â€Å"increase creativity and innovation in organizations as well as improve decision making by providing different perspectives on problems† (Judge, 20). Greater diversity in certain fields, such as medicine and law, will increase the aid given to underrepresented groups. ` ` The main focus of affirmative action, however, is to level the playing field and counter both ongoing discrimination as well as bigoted attitudes. Even in this day and age, minorities and women continue to lag behind white Anglo-Saxon protestant men in the business world. Male employees may be promoted over women, because some companies still put women on a â€Å"mommy track† without their consent, and many people publicly lie about how they feel with regards to race. Studies have shown that many people â€Å"found it easier to link women’s names with home-related words than with career-related words† (Kowalski, 45), and test subjects â€Å"are often quicker at linking black faces with negative words than with positive words† (Kowalski, 45). ` With all of these arguments for affirmative action, there are still critics that believe these policies not only perpetuate continued racial tension, but alsolead members of these groups to believe they cannot succeed on their own. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas is quoted saying â€Å"It never ceases to amaze me that the courts are so willing to assume that anything that is predominantly black must be inferior. † Affirmative action is also seen to stigmatize people. Others may assume that someone obtained their position because of affirmative action, and this breeds resentment and anger. People relate to each other as either inside or outside the groups benefiting from affirmative action, and it becomes a â€Å"them versus us† mentality. Managers,who have never done anything wrong, may feel painted with a bigot or chauvinist brush. ` ` Opponents of affirmative action also believe itviolates the idea of a merit system. Choices in hiring, raises, and promotions should benefit the people who worked hard and deserve them. Any hiring decision istheresult of an interview, given bymanagers who already have ideas about the qualities an employee should have, and as such, should be based on the skills and education the candidate brings to the table. Managers feel constrained by words such as â€Å"quota† and â€Å"preferential treatment† when it comes to hiring decisions, and developa negative outlook on the idea of affirmative action. ` ` Not only do managers find it interferes with hiring decisions, many businessesalso feel that affirmative action is a burdensome procedure. Scores of businesses protested â€Å"they were wasting too much time on paperwork and spending too much money defending themselves against discrimination charges† (Anderson, 167). During the Reagan years, research into the cost of affirmative action policies for businessesestimated that â€Å"a contract compliance review cost a contractor over $20,000, and that such appraisals were costing the Fortune 500companies $1 billion annually† (Anderson, 167;that estimate has only grown. ` Another issue is that some employees, or potential employees, now use affirmative action as a form of revenge if they feel they have been slighted in some way, such as by not being hired or notreceivinga promotion. It is very difficult to prove that someone was discriminated against based on their race or gender, but the case can still take many court hours and much money. Because of this, many businesses are more likely to settle out of court, rather than tie up thousands of dollars in court fees. This ends with the company taking a financial hit and the angry employee with a settlement. ` ` Since the introduction of affirmative action in the 1960s, affirmative action has had many implications for businesses. Businesses now have to fill certain quotas based on how many people they have working for them, they are subject to reviews of their policies and procedures,and businesses owned by minorities and females are given special privileges and loans that are not offered to others. Businesses arealso responsible for the financial burdens placedon them as a result of affirmative action. Many employees feelthat affirmative action is â€Å"reverse discrimination†,because hiring managers are openly favoring one group over another based on their race or gender,and many believe affirmative actioncontinues to perpetuate racial tension. ` ` With all of these issues, it’s no wonder that some peoplehave negative feelings and attitudes toward affirmative action. They feel that jobs should be given to the people that most deserve them, and that raises and promotions shouldbeawarded basedon the merit system. It is impossible for businesses to operate fairly to all within the guidelines of affirmative action since, by definition,it requires businesses to base their hiring standards on what the government requires rather than ontheir business needs. Hiringthe best possible candidate for a job, no matter what race or gender, should be the main goal when making hiring decisions, and not what minority group may be underrepresented in your company. As long as affirmative action is law, businesses will have to finda way to meet its requirements or face harsh fines and lawsuits, and while there are many compelling arguments against affirmative action, its policies will not be changed any time soon. ` Works Cited â€Å"Encyclopedia of Small Business/ Affirmative Action†. eNotes. com. April 8, 2009 http://www. enotes. com/small-business-encyclopedia/affirmative-action. com. Anderson, Terry H. . The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. , 2004. Coulter, Ann. How to Talk to a Liberal (If You Must). New York, NY: Crown Forum, 2004. Grapes, Bryan J. . Affirmative Action. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc. , 2000. Judge Timothy A. , and Robbins, Stephen P.. Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. , 2009. Kowalski, Kathiann M. . Open for Debate: Affirmative Action. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2007. Skrentny, John D.. The Minority Rights Revolution. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2002. Tong, Clifford M.. â€Å"Diverse Strategies†. Diverse Strategies Incorporated. April 8, 2009 http://www. diversestrategies. com/Affirmative_action. htm.

Cybercrime & Computer Crime Research Center

The internet has increasingly become a convenient avenue for commitments of crimes in the ever sophisticated information age. This is due to the defining characteristics of the online world where one can interact without physical contact. A computer consultant in Utah was sentenced to five years in prison for stealing 2 million dollars from a credit company where he worked (Computer Crime Research Center).In another incident, Jeffrey Lee Parson who pleaded guilty to charges of unleashing part of a worm that caused chaos in the internet in 2003 got off with 18 to 37 months in jail (Computer Crime Research Center) In most cases of cybercrime, the punishment does not fit the crime. The damages by computer users in the hands of cybercrime offenders are very real and so the penalties should also be as real. This paper will attempt to discuss and draw more light on this issue. This paper will attempt to discuss and draw more light on the issue of cybercrimes and some of the proposed soluti ons that have been suggested to counter the cyberterrorism.Problem Definition According to the Computer Crime Research Center, the penalty for illegally accessing a computer ranges from 6 months to 5 years. The penalty for illegal system access ranges from 5 to 10 years of imprisonment. Communication interception, offensive material dissemination and telecommunication piracy crimes carry punishment of 1 to 5 years. Individuals who hack computer and computer devices get an imprisonment of up to 3 years or a fine (Computer Crime Research Center. An act of trying to gain access to a government protected system, results in a 10 year imprisonment and a heavy fine.Over the years this penalties have been made more severe, but the question still remains on whether they are still too lenient (Computer Crime Research Center). Cybercrime is the criminal exploitation of the internet. According to research carried out by the National Computer Security Association (NCSA) in 1996 two out of three U. S. companies were affected greatly by viruses. 3-5 billion dollar losses were incurred in the United States annually in the late 1980s as a result of computer abuse. With advancement in technology, newer and more complicated crimes have emerged which usually go unprosecuted.Cybercrime can be categorized into violent or potentially violent criminals, and nonviolent crimes (Shinder & Cross, 15). Types of violent or potentially violent crimes include: Cyber stalking, cyber terrorism, and child pornography. Cyber terrorism refers to deliberate politically motivated violence committed against innocent people by individuals, group(s) of people through computer networks. It involves use of the internet to convey information to be used in violent activities as well as recruiting members to terrorist groups through Web sites.In extreme cases, it could include interrupting computer systems used in air traffic control to cause planes to crash or collide; sabotaging the computer system contr olling water treatment so as to cause contamination of water supplies. It also includes hacking into hospital database and deleting or changing information that could result in incorrect or dangerous treatment of patients (Shinder & Cross, 15). Cyber stalking is a form of electronic harassment which involves implied physical threats which create fear in the victim. It mostly targets people in a certain race, gender, religion or social status.Paparazzi use the internet to stalk celebrities and get unauthorized access to confidential information on them in order to blackmail them. People from a particular race are harassed by distribution of hate e-mails through the internet; this often occurs in chat rooms and news groups. Child pornography becomes a cyber crime when computers and networks are used to create, distribute and access pornographic materials that use minor children. Child pornography is considered a violent crime because sexual abuse is practiced in order to produce porno graphic materials.Any related activity to enhance child pornography is considered to be a crime. Pedophiles use the internet to distribute and access pornographic material involving children through the internet (Shinder & Cross, 15). Most cyber crimes are nonviolent offenses. The perceived anonymity of virtual experiences is one of the elements that make cyberspace an attractive â€Å"venue† to commit crimes. Nonviolent cyber crimes include: cyber trespass, cyber theft, cyber fraud, destructive cyber crimes and other cyber crimes.Cyber trespass refers to accessing of a computer’s or networks resources without authorization just for the fun of it. The individual may not damage or misuse the data; nonetheless, cyber trespass is a crime in most jurisdictions. Most of these cases are dismissed by law enforcers because no damage is done (Shinder & Cross, 18). Copyright infringement is another method of nonviolent cyber crime. This is unauthorized use of works covered by co pyright law, in such a way that it violates the owner’s exclusive rights.These rights include; the right to reproduce the work. For electronic media copyright infringement is also referred to as piracy. Piracy is mainly done for music and film works, where cyber criminals hack into entertainment websites and download original works. They then, create copies which they sell as their own (Shinder & Cross, 19). Cyber theft is the use of a computer and network to steal money, information or other valuables. It is one of the most popular cyber crimes; this is because stealing from a distance reduces the risk of getting caught.Cyber theft includes embezzlement; an example is where an employee may use his/her legitimate access to a company’s computerized payroll system to change the data so as to move funds out of a company bank into his own account. A person may also gain unlawful access to an organization’s information and misappropriate funds. Another example of cyb er theft is industrial espionage, where a person from outside the company uses the network to steal trade secrets and marketing strategies for competitors (Shinder & Cross, 19).Plagiarism is another case cyber theft. Plagiarism is stealing of someone’s original writing and then passing it off as your own. Cyber fraud on the other hand is the variation of network data so as to obtain benefits. An example is when one hacks into the police database so as to remove arrest records. Destructive cyber crimes include: electronically vandalizing web pages, hacking into a system and deleting data, introducing worms, viruses or other malicious codes into a computer system or network (Shinder & Cross, 21).Viruses, worms and malicious codes cause damages worth millions of dollars (Shinder & Cross, 23). Virus writers and hackers are highly active and continuously creating and modifying new viruses, making it difficult for antivirus software to detect them. Other nonviolent cyber crimes inc lude: soliciting prostitution over the internet, gambling through the internet, internet drug sales and other contraband goods that are banned in some countries (Shinder & Cross, 24). An important question arises on how these crimes can be prevented.Approaches to Counter Cybercriminals Use of antivirus and anti spyware software is one of the solutions which are currently in use. The antivirus software contains a program that attempt to identify and eliminate viruses, worms and other malicious codes. Backdoor programs and Trojans are restricted by the anti spy wares. Firewalls are also other effective ways of preventing unauthorized access to a computer network. Network firewalls may be software programs, hardware devices or a combination of both.The firewall protects internal computer networks from outside access by malicious intruders (Shinder & Cross, 532). Cryptography is another very effective method of dealing with cyber crime. Cryptography is the science of encrypting and decr ypting information. This is where, when one is sending information through the internet, software decrypts the information and encodes it. The information is sent in coded form which can only be decoded by the recipient who has the decoding software. This is a very effective method that crackers find hard to hack (Shinder & Cross, 512).Awareness can also be raised on the issue of cyber crime. Youths are increasingly getting drawn into cyber crime because most of them are not aware of its legal consequences. This can be done through informative advertisements on the internet which will attempt to inform them on the dangers of cyber crime. People should also be encouraged to report cyber criminals to authorities through links on the web, so as to use the internet as a weapon against cyber crime perpetrators (Shinder & Cross, 551).Cyber ethics and laws are being formulated to combat cyber crime. It is the responsibility of service providers to provide high level of security to their cl ients so as to keep them safe from malicious programs. Laws have been passed over the years which have attempted to curb the problem of cyber crime. One of the most effective laws which were passed in the USA is the USA Patriot Act which increases penalties and allows the prosecution of individuals who intend to cause damage. It was pushed through the U.S Senate after the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. This law gives authority over monitoring personal communications and private information (Shinder & Cross, 10). In August 2007 President Bush, signed into law Patriot II Act. This act gives authority to the government to: conduct domestic wiretaps without a court order for 15 days after an attack on the country or congressional authorization, access citizen credit reports with a subpoena and criminalize use of encryption software that was used in planning of a felony.This act was put in place to address the shortcomings of the law that don’t deal with modern technology (Shinder & Cross, 10). In USA it is a federal crime to advertise or knowingly receive child pornography. The child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA) expanded the definition of child pornography to any visual depiction of sexually explicit behavior in which the production involved the use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct. This has made it illegal to distribute and access child pornography on the internet (Shinder & Cross, 16).The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has also developed a cyber program to deal with cyber threats. Over the years, the FBI has developed a Cyber Division whose main goal is to address cyber crime. It has employed the use of highly specialiazed personnel made up of agents and analyst who are able to identify cyber crimes. They have also employed the use of state-of-the-art-technology and resources to deal with this menace. Partnerships have also been developed with the Department of Defense and Homeland Security which enable them to share i nformation on cyber crime.The Cyber Crime Treaty: Preferred Approach It has become clear that a well-developed network of international cooperation is required to fight cyber crime, due to its ever changing nature. I think an international Cyber crime treaty is the best solution. Many countries have united their anti- cybercrime efforts through a proposed treaty known as the â€Å"Convention on Cyber crime†. Australia, Canada, Japan, USA and 43 member nations in the Council of Europe were involved in the drafting process.The Cyber crime Treaty is an internationally accepted law, which has made it easier to get help and evidence from other countries to prosecute foreign nationals within the country (Shinder & Cross, 548). The treaty has three features, whose target is to set basic cyber law standards for all nations. First, it requires all nations to outlaw unauthorized usage of protected computer; the usage of a computer to commit fraud, computer infringement (piracy), distri bution of child pornography or terrorism.Secondly, it is a requirement to standardize procedures used to capture and retrieve information online. There is also need to capture the origin and time of all traffic on all networks. Thirdly, national governments are required to cooperate and share electronic evidence across boarders. This is the most effective means by which cyber criminals can be deterred as they won’t find refuge in any country (Shinder & Cross, 548). Conclusion Even though cyber crime is getting the recognition it deserves, it is not going to be curbed easily.It is actually more likely that perpetrators will continue upgrading and developing so as to stay ahead of the long arms of the law. It therefore becomes very important for governments and organizations to keep consulting and coming up with more advanced and updated methods of detecting and dealing with cyber crime, in order to curb this ever growing menace. Works Cited: Computer Crime Research Center. Leg islation. Web: August 17, 2010 from, http://www. crime- research. org/legislation/ Shinder Debra L. & Cross Michael. Scene of the cybercrime. Burlington, MA: Syngress Publishing, Inc, 2008

Managing Business Information (report) Assignment

Managing Business Information (report) - Assignment Example Manipulation as well as plotting of data is also possible with the help of few simple commands. Even so, while defining database, it can be outlined as the prime technique for developing an information system in the modern business process. The databases are used in e-commerce and internet based marketing systems. It is very important for information system developers to have detailed knowledge and understanding regarding data structure and data analysis. The spreadsheets and database are highly used by organisations for proper running of their business. However, it is noticed that the use of database is preferred against that of spreadsheets, in present business scenario. The report details the difference between use of database and spreadsheets, along with differences between the two. It also highlights the database and spreadsheets models, which are used in the recent years for development of the informative system in an organisation. The strength and weakness of both the processe s are elaborated in the report; so as to determine the best tool used in the present world of management (Baxter, 2006). Spreadsheets are used traditionally by accountants to prepare financial budgets and had helped them to identify the financial position of companies. It is the main software for companies, which assist them to track the basis of numerical information and evaluate the same quickly and easily, compared to paper calculations. It is used widely for accounting and financing purposes and also, to record transactions made by the companies. Spreadsheets have helped accountants to replace the manual pages in ledgers, where the income and expenditure are detailed in columns and rows. The users of spreadsheets can build different functionalities, which assist them in understanding data without the need of any mathematical skill. One of the main advantage of the spreadsheet software is that it is customised with macros and buttons and thus, makes it

Safety management assignment # 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safety management # 2 - Assignment Example Falling down and experiencing an injury are a hazard that must be identified and a rough estimate given. Another expected probability is equipment failure. Chances that the ladder will be faulty must be kept in mind. The next essential step in a job safety analysis is determining the solution to the hazards identified. By this, the hazards can be controlled and safety effected. Hazards can be controlled through administrative controls and or engineering solutions. The recommended steps that will reduce hazard risks are identified, as well as the risks of the workplace injury or illness. The following are the appropriate job safety analysis steps to follow. First, job with the highest risk for a workplace injury or illness is selected. In this case, the task to be done is to fix a leaking roof. The highest risk is identified as well as the potential injuries and or illness. Next, the necessary steps for completion of the task are identified and recorded. All probable hazard risks are identified in accordance to each step done. The last step is the determination and record of the recommended procedures for performing each step. This will reduce the hazard risk. Managing the safety function entails planning, organizing, controlling, directing, and staffing. In regard to planning, the departmental needs, resources and mission must be kept into consideration. The records of various departmental needs must be updated so as to know the exact required needs. Planning aspect comprises of time, money, materials, and personnel needs. Planning is an essential aspect of management. The second management function is organizing. This means that the staff in the organization must be properly organized. The chain of command must be followed so as maintain the organization and efficient working conditions. The factor of the organization is present in successful companies; this keeps the motto of the organization intact.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 64

Essay Example The resultant contrasting views portray China as one rapidly growing superpower with the largest economy. On the hand, this view regards China as a brutal and authoritarian regime that is a threat to the economies and geo-stability of the western industrial world (Peerenboom, 2007).This study analyzes China’s modernization to assess if it is a threat to the west or a model to the rest in the context of its legal system and the rule of law. The two conflicting views are directly parallel to any existing literature on the rules and laws of modernization and economic development. The positive view of China’s modernization presents China as a paradigm for the gradually developing nations and the envy of other industrialized countries that are busy catching up with its high growth rates; in this globalization era. The second view criticizes this modernity as a challenge to the dominance and legitimacy of the so-called western states. This criticism is in relation to free markets economic policies, constitutional democracy, rule of law, human rights interpretation and governance. The subsequent sections of this study analyze the two views separately to establish the legal perspective of China’s modernization. According to a majority of people, China has enjoyed a wave of tremendous growth over the past decades and has done this without the influence of the rule of law or the rights of property. This success rate puts a question on why other countries found in Euro-America should go ahead and spend millions of dollars in an effort to promote the rule of law and governance. This perception is because not only do the developing countries like China assume the World Bank proposed rule of law, but they also assume the preexisting harms that extract the same legal rules would do. China has faced a lot of blame for not considering and dealing with the legal issues that concern property ownership and conflict resolution. Consequently, this means that any attempt

Rationale development exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rationale development exercise - Essay Example According to Lehne et al. (2011, p. 580), if there is little or not enough insulin to ease the glucose through the cell membranes of the cell, patients with T2DM will still be at risk for DKA. The finding of the DKA laboratory is that a higher BGL in excess of 14 mmol/L is an indication of insulin deficit. Her BGL ranged from 18-23 mmol/L. Continuous mobilization of fatty acids and hyperglycemia occur as a result of deficiency of insulin. Utilization of the fatty acids allows the development and buildup of ketones that can cause acidosis. It is therefore, incorrect to assume that Mrs. Langerhan’s diagnoses on discharge will include T1DM because she will now be classified as insulin dependent. Although she is categorized as insulin dependent, she will not be diagnosed as T1DM because the features and cataloguing of both T2DM and T1DM are different. When classifying T2DM, we use relative insulin deficiency and for the case of T1DM we use absolute insulin deficiency (LeMone et al. 2011, p. 578). In Mrs. Langerhans case, the insulin produced in her body is not enough; therefore there is likelihood for hyperglycemia to develop. The development will be due to lack of control of her T2DM, earlier non-compliance with diabetic history, hypoglycemic medication procedure, and also the usage of IV solution comprising dextrose on admittance. However, since her body can still produce insulin, though in small portions she cannot be diagnosed with T1DM. The RN administers Mr. Nexium IV metoclopramide that is the first anti-emetic given according to most post-operative nausea and vomiting procedures. IV metoclopramide is given to most post-operative patients in to reduce abdominal swelling postoperatively, to reduce strain on the wound and assist respiration. It also helps to expand the stomach, during surgery particularly the upper abdominal surgery when a bloated stomach obstructs the operation. The justification she

TMA 01 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TMA 01 - Essay Example It is a high performing organization with growing international business opportunities and it operates by both global and domestic markets by more than 32 % market share and it has more than 2000 stores only in UK. To analyze the business environment of Tesco, I here use SWOT analysis to examine factors that influence Tesco PLC’s business environment. SWOT analysis is an important part of strategic management and planning. It provides a keen observation in to both internal and external environment of a firm. Environmental factors internal to the firm can be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Tesco’s strengths are its resources and potential that can be used as means for establishing and developing competitive advantages. Tesco has a strong brand name that serves to be great market strength and it enjoys the marketing advantages. The brand loyalty of Tesco created through advertisements and customer oriented activities seems to be a strong defender for any sorts of competition from other firms within the industry. The reputation that Tesco has been able to create among their customers, results in a market of its own and it seems to be an asset as it attracts more customers further yet. A general weakness of Tesco is its lack of access to the best distribution channels as it faces difficulty to access best manufactures due to the distance and other problems. As compared to other large retailers and groceries within the UK market, Tesco should focus more on online shopping. Online shopping is becoming as the most convenient shopping method for most of the public as it needs less time for shopping and relatively less to be paid. Tesco can attract more customers through online shopping and any sort of advanced loyalty card strategies. Like other business firms, Tesco as well feels difficult to get access in to manufactures that are completely free from

World War II as a Just war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World War II as a Just war - Essay Example The countries were divided into two groups: The Allies and the Axis. Germany, Japan and their allies formed the 'Axis' while US, Britain and its allies as the 'Allies'. This essay would validate this claim that the war fought by the 'Allies' was a just war, by describing the true nature and criteria required to name a war as a 'Just war'. The basis of the 'Just war' is the point that no matter what the circumstances become, the prospect of war certainly means death and slaughter but at a certain point war becomes inevitable. This could be seen since the wars in the olden times. Though the criteria differ in nature but the moral considerations of the war are the same. Under these conditions, a certain criteria should be met before waging any war to make that war a 'Just war'. Just war theory is actually a collection of moral considerations which limits the devastations caused by warfare. This may involve the fair treatment of women and children treatment to maintaining an honorable code of conduct during the war. 'Just war' theory could be subdivided into two sets: The first being the jus ad bellum which actually means right to wage a war and the second being jus in bello which signifies proper conduct during the war. Jus ad bellum and jus in bello are further divided so we would look at them separately. (Coates) Jus ad bellum: The most basic part of jus ad bellum is that any war which would be fought should have a just cause. Just cause actually implies that war must be initiated in order to defend one's country or another country from another violent or oppressive country. The reasons for going to a war must not be to gain material gain, to capture lands or to punish people. The reasons should be humanitarian; a war should only be fought to protect the innocent lives which are in danger and not to put more innocent lives at stake. This is however difficult to determine which side of the conflict has a 'just cause' because every side considers its cause as just. Even though the Nazis are considered to be brutal and murderers, they themselves considered their cause of war just. If we come back to the World War II, we can easily make out that the Allies fought the Axis to put an end to their monstrosities and it was due to their efforts, that many countries, for example Poland and Australia did not fall to t he Nazi regime of Germany. The best example in this regard is the holocaust of the Germans against the Jews which was ended as a result of this war. The Allies therefore had a just cause of fighting because they wanted to put an end to the war provoked by the Axis. Another important part of the jus ad bellum is the 'just intention' which means that the intentions behind going to a war should be just. This is often confused with the 'just cause' concept because both speak of the aims and goals of a war but the basic difference between the two is that a war may be fought with a 'just cause' but not with a 'just intention'. This could be illustrated by the example that to attack a country in order to put an end to the oppressive government is a 'just cause' but by toppling that government if the intention is to form a government which is inclined towards the attacker country is not considered a 'just intention

Modernity and Modernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modernity and Modernism - Essay Example The essay "Modernity and Modernism" analyzes the impact of modernism and modernity in the context of the history and culture. In the following parts of this paper, first history of modernism has been included in which a limited introduction of modernism from World War II and evolutionary changes in the architecture, craft, art and design have been provided. It is followed by the segment Le Corbusier’s monuments in Chandigarh in which they have been analysed in the light of the relevant theories. Before the conclusion, the idealist modernism part has been provided. Modernism is both evolutionary and revolutionary process. It does not remain the same but kept changing with the changes social, cultural, economic, personal, and other dimensions of today’s modern society. After the world war one, social, cultural and economic change was felt in which culture; art, design and architecture were mainly affected by the appetite for the change played the main role in this endeavo ur. However, it gained particular momentum particularly after the world war two in which more revolutionary thinking for economy; political activism affected the modernism in which a substantial amount of cultural change was experienced. Two world wars severely affected the modernism and developments taking place in the field of art, design, architecture and craft. In the World War II, millions of people died in which people from involved states as a whole lost sight on the sustained growth and stability of economic and cultural factors.

DB5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DB5 - Essay Example In some ways it is a reaction against the previous period, known as Classicism, which was much cooler, more regulated, and backward looking towards ancient Greek and Roman models and ideas. Romanticism is not necessarily concerned with romantic love, but this theme occurred quite frequently because this is one of the strongest feelings known to man. In music, Romanticism is closely linked with the books and plays which were popular at that time. The Erlkà ¶nig, for example, picks up on an emerging cultural awareness of Germanic folklore, and it is part of Schubert’s large repertoire of Lieder (songs). The words were written by Johann Wolfgang Goethe, probably Germany’s greatest author of all time, and the music is very dramatic. There are a lot of emotions in the music, from the fast drumming of the horses’ hooves, to the high pitched cries of the son, the deep reassuring voice of the father, and the eerie, sneaky voice of the Erlkà ¶nig. These differences in tone and pitch transform the music from the original strictly uniform line and verse structure of a ballad and take it to a new Lied form much more like a short story with a beginning, a middle and an end. The Erlkà ¶nig has an instrument only introduction, rising tension in the voices, and a big silence towards the end, followed by a slump in which it is clear that the boy is dead. This playing around with structure is a big feature of Romantic music, and it shows an adventurous attitude towards the conventions of the time. The Berlioz piece is orchestral, and so there is not the advantage of voice to convey details of a dramatic narrative. The subtitle of the piece â€Å"March to the Scaffold† however, reveals the tragic scenario that Berlioz has in mind. There is in this piece also a rising tension, almost to an unbearable level, before there is a sudden climax, which reminds the listener of the falling of the guillotine on the poor victim’s neck. The instrumentation is also characteristic

Principals of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principals of Management - Essay Example If customers needs more detailed information not covered on the terminals, service centre staff needs to refer customer to the service centre manager who have a greater knowledge of services and products to ensure customer gets the correct information. The new customer service manager experience a increase in calls referred to her by service centre staff, even though they could have answered some of the questions themselves. This resulted in increased delay for customers as the manager will have to address more queries than necessary. This is supported by rising customer complaints about the time they have to wait on the phone. The manager is concerned and requested some guidance on the possible use of McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y to motivate staff. Firstly it is obvious that the service manager are new and may have taking the position over persons who have been with the bank a longer time, persons with more experience and skills. These persons may feel that they are not seen as good enough and that is why they where not considered for the manager position, influencing them negative and this they retaliate by acting as if they are unable to address the customers queries. Then the tasks these service centre staff have to perform has been designed in a monotonous and boring manner, offering no real challenge or a opportunity for staff to use their own initiative. This combined with strict control of staff's movements and restrictive job descriptions allows no flexibility, resulting in repetitive work without any break will be enough to reduce the employees willingness to perform. Furthermore, the strict control seem to only penalise staff and that there is very little in rewards for above average performance or dedication, giving staff no reason to improve their performance, or to help customers with little more complex questions. With only the service manager to help customers with more complex queries, staff will refer any customer to her if they ask questions only slightly deviating from the norm, without even trying to clarify what the customer wants to know. Five Functions of a Manager Before looking at motivational theories we need to look at the functions of a manager. Management is management in any organization and the principals of management are general and not specific to any business environment. "However, management is universal only if the manager has become familiar with the specific situation in which it is applied. Production technology, customer characteristics and the culture of the industry are examples of specifics that managers need to learn to be effective in applying their generic management skills," (James Higgins, 1994). The main goal of a manager is to reach the organisations mission and objectives through the five functions of management; planning, organizing, staffing, directing and control. It must be stressed that even though a manager have the ability to apply the five functions of management to accomplish the organizations goals, it is no guarantee that he or she will be successful. Managers also need to be effective and efficient, effective in achieving goals and efficient in allocating resources. Below the functions defined as: Planning Planning is the continuous process of developing business objectives and determining how they will be accomplished. Planning can be broad, as in designing the mission of a organisation

Pop-Culture Media Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pop-Culture Media Critique - Essay Example make use of women as a way to attract gamers, toy and action heroes clones production that ultimately provides messages to girls from the young age that they have to dress up in the so-called Barbie manner etc. Director of the documentary has used footages of news bulletin where the subject of plastic surgery was most important and not the increasing inflation rate (Newsom, 2011). The patriarchy involved against the women has been well indicated in the film where young girls talk about intellect that is more associated with men instead of women. The documentary beholds the message that it is the era of capitalism that has highlighted and focused on the beauty and physical appearance of the girls rather than their achievements and skills. The political intervention is not the only concept on which the director has stressed in the documentary. Overall, it has successfully achieved it methods by using effective points such as talking about the plastic surgery (Newsom, 2011). The writer and director of the documentary, unlike other feminist documentaries, bestow the power of change among women instead of the circumstances and men. The documentary claims that the self-transformation method of change can bring results and it is only in the hands of women (Newsom,

Politics around the world.comparative assignment

Politics around the world.comparative - Assignment Example There has been a lot of debate in the United States recently on the issue of offering public health care. How does U.S. spending on health care actually compare to other countries? The following will explore data available from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which maintains a statistical database on all of its member states: http://www.oecd.org Under the topics menu, select â€Å"Health.† Then follow the link for â€Å"OECD Health Data 2014: Key indicators.† Click on the link that reads: â€Å"DOWNLOAD this selection of key indicators from OECD Health Statistics 2014 in Excel† Use this excel file to answer the following questions. In all cases, please report the data for 2012. every citizen to have health insurance. The rich are in Germany are allowed to pay for their own insurance from the insurer of their choice while the poor get social assistance from the government. The Japanese get their insurance from their employers or from a nonprofit insurance organization. In Switzerland the healthcare system is also similar to that of Japan and Germany whereby citizens get social insurance and the poor are assisted by the government which does not happen in the U.S as the poor are left to struggle on their own to find medical assistance. The Taiwan citizens also enjoy a national health insurance system like the most of other developed countries which means that the poor can afford to get decent health care unlike in the U.S where that is impossible (Frontline,

Data analyses & Findings Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Data analyses & Findings - Dissertation Example However, student response rate was poor even though they had been informed of the purpose of the research. Anonymity too was assured but due to reasons unknown to the researcher, the students were not too willing to participate in the study. The findings from the survey are presented separately and then the interview findings is discussed and compared along with relevant theories. Some of the important data from the survey has been presented in the form of bar charts for convenience of understanding. The interview finding is not presented separately as there was just one interview taken. 4.2 Student Survey Questionnaires Distributed: 250 Responses received: 23 Response Rate: 8% It must be noted that 8% is considered a poor response rate. 4.2.1 Marketing efforts of the College The first set of responses reveals the marketing efforts made by the college. Student demographics Out of the 23 responses received, the highest number of students is from Nigeria (17%) but countries such as Ind ia, China and Pakistan too have a strong presence (Chart I). Chart I Country of Origin Source of information Students have cited different sources of information but an equal weightage has been found for recommendation from ex-students, word-of-mouth from friends or relatives and many have even come to know of the college through overseas seminars conducted by the college (Chart II). A very small percentage of respondents have obtained information through the internet. Chart II Source of information Various reasons have been cited for selecting this particular college. Almost 37% of the respondents selected the college because of the affordable fees while other prominent reasons include recommendation from others, reputation and the courses on offer (Chart III). Some have decided to study at this college because there were representatives of the college in their own country (India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka). In fact 91% of the respondents have found the fees affordable and the others t hat did not find it affordable, opted for the college because of support in visa process. The college does not offer scholarships and despite this, students have decided to study at this college. This only demonstrates that fees are affordable as has been admitted by 91% of the respondents. Chart III Factors influencing college selection College website Eighty three percent of the respondents accessed the college website to gather information although only 61% were satisfied with the available information (Chart IV). Many (22%) were not satisfied with the information and details on hostel accommodation, faculty, and overview of London and college life in general, were found to be lacking. However, some even found that course details and affiliations with universities helped them decide for this college. Chart IV Information through website 4.2.2 Student experience during and after the admission process Many students (39%) faced immigration and visa problems. People from countries su ch as India, Nigeria, Philippines, Pakistan and Mongolia faced problems. They all found the process very lengthy and involving too much of paper work. They found it ‘painfully complicated’ and ‘time-consuming’. Upon arrival also only 61% of the respondents admitted that their expectations were met. The others faced problems as they were not allotted accommodation

Constitution cafe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constitution cafe - Essay Example The discussions are based on Thomas Jefferson, a radical who held the belief that there was the need to keep on revising the Constitution. As outlined in the book, periodic amendment of the Constitution can be regarded as essential since it keeps the constitution in line with the changing times. Phillips contends that the Constitution has become an immutable as well as a sacred text, which needs some shaking up or some review (Phillips 1–336). In the book, Phillips argues that respect of the United States’ Constitution forms a key phenomenon of modern political life in America. According to Phillips, the Constitution is the basis upon which the rights of the U.S. citizens can be understood. Across the political spectrum, it has become the last argument of politicians and the secular scripture has it as the moral gravity. The book explains the desire of the third American president, Thomas Jefferson, that Americans should rewrite the Constitution after every twenty years in order to enable them to meet their needs. The radical ideas of Jefferson are put to the test by Phillips, who asks Americans to create a new Constitution that will serve their needs (Phillips 1–336). Throughout the book, the main idea that Phillips strives to pass focuses on how the American public could rewrite the United States’ Constitution. The book involves a series of discussions, which engage various groups coming together and focussing on various Articles and Amendments. For example, there are teenagers who talk about the amendment of age at which people should vote, and lawyers discussing the patent clause. Each of the groups involved comes up with new Articles, which have the aim of redressing problems of the existent Constitution. The author also discusses the historical interludes regarding the conflicts among the Founding Fathers; this highlights the compromises as well as difficulties that were needed in 1783 (Phillips 1–336). In the book, Phillips portrays

What's the matter with business ethics Research Paper

What's the matter with business ethics - Research Paper Example Business Ethics discourages any activity that induces the feeling of discrimination among the masses. Therefore it does not allow the corporate managers to give rise to inequality on the basis on gender, race, color, nationality, religion, etc. The organizations operating in one country and the multinationals in particular should not disgrace the human dignity neither they should violate the human rights as they both constitute to the economic development and the achievement of common good at large. The objective behind this paper is to introduce business ethics and its affiliation with economic development. Additionally this paper will also discuss the human dignity, human rights, international law regarding business ethics and the common good. To increase the authenticity and reliability of the paper examples and references from Bible and Encyclicals are also considered. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2012) defines Ethics as morally good or bad ideas forming the basic rules and regulations which are to be followed by every individual in order to remain in restrictions and to fulfill the expectations of required behavior. Ethics are studied under the courses of Philosophy which explains the students about good and bad actions and activities. Business Ethics are related to the behavior of individuals who are associated with the organization. It is a relatively broad term which not only deals with the employees of a particular organization but it also explains the expected behavior of suppliers, customers, consumers, competitors, etc. (Business Ethics, 2012). Business Ethics do not explain the actual behavior of a person rather it deals with â€Å"what we should do† or â€Å"what we must do† sort of statements i.e. the basic principles upon which the foundation of the organization is laid by its owners and stakeholders. Nearly every

From the Top at Carnegie Hall Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

From the Top at Carnegie Hall - Term Paper Example â€Å"We learn that no matter how far from home we are, we always have a home in the things we love†. These are the lines that struck me in the episode; Music is where the heart is. The three young musicians who have their own stories of ups and downs led them where they are right now. In the case of Ronald Joseph for instance, his terrible experience from Hurricane Katrina did not stop him from pursuing his delight. Like what his teacher said, â€Å"You owe it to Katrina†. Oftentimes, the bad things in life are the process of something good that is about to come. For the second part of the episode, 17-year old violist Allyson Tomsky had a different means of showing her enthusiasm. Her love for both music and for her hometown greatly contributed in becoming who she really is. Playing in the streets of New York as one of her practices is indeed a unique way of showing and sharing the talent that she has. Lastly is 14-year old Jazz singer, Nikki Yanofsky who at a very you ng age possessed a very powerful voice and a great confidence toward the thing that she loved. This episode portrayed only but one thing, that as long as we love what we do, we are happy and we’ll always be contented. There will always be the sense of fulfillment no matter what the odds are. Another episode, Family Ties revealed the role of family in shaping and building the vision of our youth.

The Ability to Enjoy What One Does Personal Statement - 2

The Ability to Enjoy What One Does - Personal Statement Example The profession calls for individuals with the ability to nurture the growth and address the issues of people, their physical ailments, psychological issues, intellectual problems, and also the emotional and spiritual well being of the people. As a helping enthusiast and a lover of life, I realize that a number of people require support and assistance to help them be able to enjoy life and not abuse the greatest gift that God has given us. I believe that each one of us has the rights to be able to enjoy this gift and it is essential that we assist others who have issues and problems. One of the most essential groups of people who require help and assistance are the youth and children. My biggest strength is that I love working with people especially children and youth, who have their entire lives in front of them to live and cherish. I believe that we get to live just once hence we should use this to bring out the best in ourselves as well as others around us. Having been in the teaching profession for five full years, along with the experience of working with people with substance abuse traits, I have come across a number of students and individuals who have a very strong and bright life ahead but need the nurturing and assistance to be able to recognize and cherish it. I would love to have a career in the helping professions as I feel it is my responsibility to reach out to as many people and try and help them in any way possible to help them recover and regain out of the issues and troubles of life. This could mean not only psychological but also physical, intellectual, emotional and even spiritual. I believe that if in the current world, all of us turn only towards making money and being successful ourselves with no care and affection towards others in the world, the world will come to an end very soon.  

Economic factors affecting food choice Essay Example for Free

Economic factors affecting food choice Essay The aim of this research is to find the economic factors that affect a person’s food choice for example the amount of disposable income, family size and spending patterns. This then helps us to decide a suitable dish for our chosen practical. This research helps understand the relationship between quality of diet and disposable income and how are eating patterns have changed from the past. Disposable income The amount of money left after tax and other deductions have been made is called the disposable income. The amount of money spent on food cooked at home has declined even though the disposable income has risen since the 1980s. Disposable income affects the food you eat because you tend to eat out more frequently, spend more money on premium ranges of ready prepared foods and shop at more expensive supermarkets and specialist shops if you have more disposable income. However families with less disposable income tend to spend more on convenience foods and snack foods. It takes careful budgeting and shopping around for cheaper prices to provide healthy meals for low income families. Family size and spending patterns Family size also affects how much you spend on food because declining family size and an increase in single person household has led to a change in patterns of spending on food as couples and single adult households spend more per person on food. Whereas due to larger families having young children with smaller appetites less is spent per person on food, also because less food is wasted in larger families. Larger families may also buy in bulk or shop around for cheaper prices or offers such as three for the price of two and buy one get one free. There is an increase in single person households because of an ageing population where there are more elderly people than young people in a population and due to more young, single people living alone.

Iraq War Essay Example for Free

Iraq War Essay The American government took the controversial decision of waging a war against Iraq. The circumstances and the motives of the American government indicate that the war on Iraq was unwarranted and cannot be justified although the American government has put forward a few reasons for waging this war. The logic and evidence does not support such contentions by the American government. The American government has failed to justify its unilateral decision of declaring war against Iraq. In the year 2002, the American President revealed his plan of attacking the Iraqi regime as it was thought that Iraq was in the process of emerging as the greatest threat to the American security. This decision was apparently taken on the basis of the intelligence information that the US government obtained concerning Iraq’s nuclear program. However, it is interesting to note that this intelligence information was kept secret until 2002. The major reason for this war was the terrorist attack of the World Trade Center in the year 2001. Obviously, this attack had left Americans at a state of shock as the successful terrorist attack demonstrated to the whole world that American security is at stake and that American military and intelligence power is not that efficient. (Powers 1) The knee jerk reaction resulted in the decision to chalk out the proper plans to prevent the future attacks of the American territory. However, it is interesting to note that the American government could not obtain even the simple majority of the members of the UN Security Council. This clearly indicates that the United Nations did not wholeheartedly support the Iraqi venture initiated by the American government. The close allies such as France and Germany could not be convinced of the need for this war project as these countries felt that there was no need for any fresh attack on the Iraqi territory as after 1991 this region was left in almost depleted state. The President was able to only convince the United States Congress as the members of the Congress did not question the necessity of a war on Iraq. The Congress members did not even participate in the debate regarding the Iraqi war. This shows that the American government could not convince the world leaders that Iraq was up to some fresh mischief in the form of the production of armaments having the capacity to destroy the world population. These details indicate that the American government has been alienated by other important powers which have not accepted the evidence presented by America that Iraq was emerging as another center of terrorist activities. (Powers 2) The main argument of the proponents of war was that Saddam Hussein possessed various dangerous weapons such as nuclear arsenals and chemical weapons which could have been used to destroy the enemy countries. The proponents of war asserted that the past history of Saddam showed that he was an aggressor. Their another contention is that Saddam Hussein had connections with the Islamic terrorist organizations and the leaders such as Osama bin Laden who had played an important role in the WTC attack. (Mearsheimer and Walt 1) These are the three reasons given by war supporters to justify the US aggression on Iraq. However, the proponents of war are not able to prove that Hussein really possessed Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). The UN inspections did not reveal that Iraq actually possessed or had the potential of building huge base of WMD which could have been used for destructive purposes. The War mongers were aware of the fact that their action would lead to huge expenses to the American treasury and that this war would result in the alienation of America in the world politics. Even then they insisted that war was inevitable as one could not afford to ignore the possession of nuclear arsenals in the hands of the Iraqi leadership. In reality, the US had the power to contain the alleged Iraqi aggression. The argument that war was inevitable rests on the faulty logic. The war supporters are not able to come up with substantial proof to suggest that Saddam had seriously pursued the plan of destroying his enemy countries. (Mearsheimer and Walt 4) However, in this context one should remember that after the Gulf war the allied forces had obtained entry into Iraq and they had used their energy to reduce the military power of Iraq. The Gulf war debacle was sufficient to deplete the Iraqi resources. Perhaps the American government needed to make a strong statement against Islamic terrorists after the September 11 attack. This resulted in the declaration of war on Iraq. This can be considered as the face saving attempt made by the American government. The newspapers have reported information from CIA documents which contradicted the statements made by the President Bush who asserted that Iraq was trying to produce nuclear arsenals as the Iraqi officials had approached South Africa to obtain materials needed for producing nuclear weapons. However, CIA expressed doubt regarding this report that Iraq was trying to obtain nuclear weapon materials from South Africa. Another contention of the President was that the Iraqi officials refused entry of the weapon inspectors into Iraqi regions. However, there are evidences which refute this allegation. In reality, as the newspapers reported, the Iraqi government had offered their cooperation with the weapon inspectors. There is also evidence to suggest that even before the beginning of war the American government obtained the information that Iraq did not approach South Africa to obtain nuclear weapon materials. This shows that the Bush administration had deliberately misinterpreted the intelligence reports in order to obtain the support of the Congress members for this war. In spite of these contradictions Bush has defended his action of invading Iraq without any major reason. (Priest and Milbank A01) There are evidences to state that the US decision to attack Iraq has backfired and it has not contributed to the improvement of the US image in the international political arena. The Iraq venture has resulted in the protest by the governments and people belonging to different nations in the world which did not find any necessity for this war. (Martin 3) The main reason for this protest against the war is that this war was unjust. The extreme action taken by the US forces against the innocent Iraqi civilians has come under public criticism. This shows the world public opinion has not supported the idea of the US led campaign against Iraq. This war has enraged the Muslim nations and this may contribute to increase in the activities of the Muslim terrorist organizations leading to the loss of lives in different parts of the world. There is no evidence to state that the US government obtained the support of the majority of the Americans for this war. The Iraq war has contributed to the creation negative image of Bush not only in the world politics but also in the US. In this sense, this war has not benefited the US people. Instead of increasing the security of Americans, this war has increased the possibility of terrorist attack on the innocent American population. (Martin 4) Works Cited Bracknell, Major Rob. â€Å"Euro-bashing as Good Sport†. Naval War College Review. 58. 2, (2005): 139-142. Available at https://www.brookings.edu/

Priestleys purpose Essay Example for Free

Priestleys purpose Essay Unlike Gerald, Priestley describes Eric in the opening stage directions as not quite at ease. He has been expensively educated, and yet he is a disappointment to Birling: he and Gerald joke behind his back (p.10), and his father patronises him (p.12). He is kept out of the information about his fathers possible knighthood, and when he really needed help he felt his father was not the kind of father a chap could go to when hes in trouble (p. 54). His drinking is an open secret within the family (though Mrs Birling chooses not to admit it to herself), and suggests that he lacks self-discipline. This is borne out by the behaviour that is revealed in the course of the play: he forced himself into the girls lodgings despite her protests, drunk and in that state when a chap easily turns nasty (p.52), has made her pregnant, and has stolen money from his father. But he also has an honesty that others lack. He is the only one to respond spontaneously to details of the girls death (p.11), and when he is forced to admit how he behaved towards her he has a strong sense of guilt because the consequences of what he did are so serious. We also believe him when he tells Birling that he would have let the girl stay at the factory (p.16) but Eric throughout the play is shown to be naive, even if his heart is often in the right place. (Stealing Birlings money, even though a crime in law, might be another example of this.) He does not have the realistic outlook necessary to make a success of his life. He is also shown to be immature, regarding the girl as a good sport (p.52), although she treated him as a child. Like every character accused by the Inspector, he is shown to be a hypocrite he is disgusted by the fat old tarts round the town (p.52), yet by this stage in her life, the girl is also a prostitute, though it is not clear whether Eric realises this.  He appears to have learnt very little from his privileged education, yet he has been impressed by the Inspector. At the end, like Sheila, he refuses to pretend things are like they were before, and is frightened by the fact that the older generation appear not to have learnt anything. He wants his parents to admit their mistakes as freely as he has admitted his. Though he is not a particularly pleasant character, we may feel that he is sincerely ashamed of his behaviour and is capable of changing for the better. Sheila  Priestley describes Sheila in the opening stage directions as a pretty girl and very pleased with life later, however, her prettiness is revealed as vanity and her happiness is shown to be selfish, bought at the price of the girls job.  Her first reaction to the news of the girls death is superficial she seems upset that it has spoiled her evening and Ive been so happy tonight (p.17), and is interested only in whether she was young and pretty. But, unlike her parents, she quickly comes to see her as an individual: these girls arent cheap labour theyre people (p.19), she tells Birling. She becomes agitated (p.20) as she realizes her own part in the girls death, and like Gerald later in the play runs out of the room. However, unlike her fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, she returns to accept her guilt rather than to find a way round it. We sense at the start of the play that there is an unresolved tension in her relationship with Gerald; they are actually very different people. But it is Sheila who grows up in the course of the play: at the start she is playful and attention-seeking; at the end, she is thoughtful and reflective. By contrast, Gerald is revealed to be a moral coward, unable to accept the wrongness of his behaviour and taking comfort from the fact that no-one seems to have died after all. Like Birling, she readily admits to having met the girl. But her father admits this because he is unable to see that he has done anything wrong; Sheila, on the other hand, admits this because she is genuinely ashamed (p.23) and is trying to tell the truth (p.23). Of all the characters, hers is the only confession that does her credit Mrs Birling is first obstructive then defiant, and Gerald and Eric both confess at a point when they know they have been already found out. She is guilty of the sins of pride and envy she complained about the girl because she thought she was laughing at her, and because she was a very pretty girl too I couldnt be sorry for her (p.24). Although she asks how could I know what would happen afterwards (p.24), she does not try to escape from the blame. Priestley uses her as an example of someone who is vain and thoughtless, but not heartless: she is genuine when she says if I could help her now I would (p.24). But he intends the audience to learn the lesson that good intentions are no good if they come too late; Sheilas predicament is a warning to us.  Sheila herself warns both Gerald and Mrs Birling not to try to build up a kind of wall between us and that girl (p.30). Once she has admitted her own guilt, her rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le in the rest of the play is to show others the importance of admitting the truth. She becomes disillusioned and hurt by what she learns about the rest of her family particularly Gerald, whom she now addresses bitterly (p.33) and with sharp sarcasm and irony (p.38) but when he has finally told the truth, she respects him rathermore than Ive ever done before (p.40). Facing up to our faults, Priestley suggests through Sheila, is painful, but not to do so makes things worse in the long run, as she says. This is part of Priestleys purpose in the play: to make us feel the urgency of rethinking the responsibility we bear towards our fellow men before it is too late.  Sheila emphasizes the importance of everyone learning from the Inspectors visit. She and Eric are the only characters who are not concerned whether Goole was a real Inspector she says it doesnt make any real difference (p.59), because she acknowledges her behaviour was morally wrong, whether or not it was legally wrong and whether or not it actually resulted in a girls death. By the end of the play, she has begun to have some understanding of what the Inspector is doing, so that she is able to see the world, and her responsibility, according to his values instead of those of her family. This is why she can see the trap her mothers arrogance is creating, and why she tries to stop her mother from exposing and condemning the childs father. It is only she and Eric, the two youngest and more impressionable characters (p.30) who, in Priestleys eyes, have profited sufficiently from the lessons on stage in front of them not to repeat their mistakes a second time as he hopes the audience will have too

The friendship that exists with Stephen and Keith Essay Example for Free

The friendship that exists with Stephen and Keith Essay In the first chapter of Michael Frayns novel Spies, amongst the limited amount of characters introduced, is Keith. The reader is given no background knowledge about him, only that Does he ever think about the things that happened that summer? meaning that Keith is a significant person as it is implied that he shared the narrators (revealed as Stephen in chapter 2) experience that particular, somewhat haunting summer. However in Chapter 2 a lot more information is given about Keith and details about the depth of friendship between Keith and Stephen begin to emerge. In Chapter 2, one of the first memories Stephen comes to is that of his house. in spite of the fact that its attached to No.3- the only semidetached pair in the Close, indicating that Stephen is somewhat the odd one out, when he says only, and almost uncomfortable about admitting to this. He then goes on to describe his ghastly neighbours who were even more shameful than his house, and how they brought us down with them., and he then goes on to expresses his distress about being attached to the undesirables. Also that he was still somewhat faintly embarrassed about it despite all the years that had past. Throughout this chapter, Stephen implies to the reader how his house was neglected, and never tended to, and this could easily link to his and his parents relationship with each other. Next, Stephen then describes how he doesnt need to open the front gate because its already, rotted drunkenly away from the top hinge, as he makes his way to Keiths house, however, once arriving there, he goes through the White wicket gate on its well oiled hinges and closes it carefully behind him. The keywords here are white suggesting purity (unlike the rot on Stephens gate), and carefully as Stephen obviously feels he should treat Keiths gate with respect, even if he has no regard for his own, as it has been so well maintained. Immediately the gates highlight the contrast between Keith and Stephen, however the contrast then grows as the reader is introduced to Keiths house, which is perceived as neat, flawless and perfection by Stephen. This is because Keiths house is exactly the opposite of Stephens, and the unlikely forming of friendship of these two boys is defiantly presented with the differences of lifestyle and houses. Another key point used in the presentation of friendship between Stephen and Keith is the boys appearance. Stephen is described as grubby, with one of his grey socks slipping down his leg into a thick concertina. The narrator (older Stephen) asks the rhetorical question What do I feel about him as I watch him now?, and then goes on to answer this himself claiming his appearance to be unsatisfactory. Keith is then bought into the story, and his appearance, like the houses, is the exact opposite of Stephen; His shirt, though, not to short, his shorts are not to long. Also he is described as neat compared to his unsatisfactory friend. However the most significant thing about the boys appearances is their uniform. The narrator describes how once seeing Keith, he no longer views himself as monochrome or slightly ashamed of his younger self. This is purely down to the fact that he can now see both their belts. The boys each have a different colour belt; Stephens being green whereas Keiths is yellow. The reader then learns why, as well as some more background information on Stephen and Keith. Were socially colour coded for ease of reference. Meaning that being green is the colours of a wrong school. This tells the reader that the boys do not go to school together, and Keith goes to a much higher rated school in the society around them. From this alone the reader can gain a better understanding of the social differences between the two boys, the houses also lead to the fact that Keith is a great deal wealthier than Stephen. Moving on to the games room in Keiths house, it is immediately clear of the presentation of the social differences once again, His playroom was well ordered as the rest of the house, from this we can once again confirm that Keith is a great deal better off than Stephen, All Keiths toys are his own. Not only this, but the reader can begin to figure out the boys individual personalities- Stephen is care-free and entirely not phased by his appearance, where as Keith is a very neat, and well organised personality. Once again, complete opposites, which is what the narrator wants to show to the reader. Not only do objects, and clothes define the differences in Stephens and Keiths relationship, but both their parents do as well. For example Keiths mum, is very similar to Keith as she takes pride in her appearance, she raises her perfectly plucked eyebrows. His father is also similar to the glamorised perfect family image that Stephen is creating, as he spends most of his time trimming, pruning, and perfecting things such as the garden. Not only this, but the relationship between parents and child seems to be quite strong, as they put the same amount of effort and love into their property and appearance as they do with Keith. He even has various pet names such as old chap or old bean, and his mother seem to always want to know what Keith is doing/ up to. But, when Stephen goes on to describe his family, once again, completely different, and the parents reflect their child, as Stephens dad is described to be unsatisfactory as Stephens, not only this, but his parents have no pet names for him, or seem to particularly care where he is going. The conflicting backgrounds of the boys dont seem to affect their relationship in the slightest. To summarise, although the author presents the boys to be of entirely different backgrounds, wealth, and social status, he makes it known to the reader that these are the foundations on which the boys friendship is built on. Being different to each other only draws them closer together. For instance, Keith calls the shots, but Stephen is still astonished and proud that Keith even wants to be his friend (as he is so ashamed of himself and his family) so doesnt feel resentful in the slightest, He was the officer corps in our two man army. I was the Other Ranks- and grateful to be so. Although Stephen may envy Keiths lifestyle, he certainly doesnt hold any judgement towards him, and is glad that he gets to share an experience of how the other half lives. Despite the various class/economical clashes, the boys are still great friends, and seem to follow suit that opposites do attract.

Recurrent Airway Obstruction in Horse: Case Study Report

Recurrent Airway Obstruction in Horse: Case Study Report A 12-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was examined for a cough whilst being stabled over the winter. There was limited available turnout so the horse remained stabled on shavings in a stable barn. The horse was fed dry hay. There was no previous history of coughing. The clinical examination was unremarkable. The owner described an intermittent dry cough occurring at rest and exercise. At this time the owner was advised to introduce environmental changes to reduce dust exposure. The horse was moved to a stable away from the hay store and started on soaked hay. An inflammatory blood profile was taken which revealed no abnormalities. Despite implementation of environmental changes the cough persisted. The horse was re-examined two months later at the clinic. On this occasion the horse presented with a bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge and persistent cough. The horse was tachypneic (25 breaths per minute) with increased abdominal effort; the remainder of the clinical examination was unremarkable. A re-breathing examination was performed to aid auscultation of abnormal lung sounds; there were no adventitious sounds and the trachea was normal on auscultation. Problem list Intermittent cough at exercise and at rest Mucopurulent nasal discharge Recurrent episodes Tachypneic Differential Diagnosis List Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) Inflammatory airway disease Viral infection Bronchopneumonia Pulmonary neoplasia Lungworm The signalment and history alongside the clinical signs of coughing, nasal discharge, laboured respiratory effort and exercise intolerance in the absence of pyrexia, suggested RAO. An endoscopic examination of the upper and lower airways to assess tracheal secretions and to obtain a fluid sample for a tracheal wash was performed. Endoscopy revealed inflammation of the pharyngeal recess, mild lymphoid hyperplasia, erythema of the trachea and a thickened carina. The tracheal wash (TW) sample was mucoid. The cytology report from the TW indicated chronic irritation and inflammation however the cell populations were unable to indicate a specific underlying aetiology. Neutrophillic inflammation was not a strong feature; however low-moderate levels of macrophages and Curschman spirals were present, both of which can be associated with RAO. Bacterial culture yielded a scant growth of Enterobacter spp and Pasteurella spp sensitive to trimethoprim sulphonamides; treatment for a possible bacterial tracheitis was initiated alongside a mucolytic for the mucus present in the airway. Dembrexine hydrochloride (Sputolosin, Boerhinger Ingleheim) (0.3mg/kg q12h PO) and trimethoprim sulfadiazine (Trimediazine Plain, Vetquinol) (30mg/kg q12h PO) were administered for 10days followed by re-examination. A Broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) was advised in order to determine the presence of lower airway inflammation specifically; however the horse was improving and the client declined at this time. Improvement was seen initially however after 5months following initial presentation the cough and nasal discharge resumed. The clinical examination was again unremarkable. A thick muco-purulent TW sample was obtained which revealed marked neutrophilic inflammation >95% of the nucleated cells and a negative bacterial culture. These results were consistent with RAO and as a result treatment for RAO was initiated. Inhaled salbutamol (400ug q12h) followed 5minutes later by beclomethasone (3000ug q12h) for 6weeks. This was administered using a MDI and an AeroHippus, Equine Aerosol Chamber (Trundell Medical). A decision was made to perform a BAL 6weeks later to assess response to treatment. On re-examination the nasal discharge had ceased with a residual cough only at exercise. The BAL sample at this time revealed A residual cough persisted despite being on continuous treatment. As a result a Flexineb nebuliser was trialled. Dexamethasone was used as the inhaled agent; 0.5ml sterile water with 0.5ml dexamethasone (Dexadresson, Intervet) once daily for two weeks and then every other day for two weeks. Discussion RAO is a common disease of older usually stabled horses. Hotchkiss et al, 2007 reported an estimated disease prevalence of 14% in the UK (Hotchkiss et al, 2007). The history, signalment and clinical signs presented in this case supported a diagnosis of RAO (Leclere et al, 2011). The clinical signs most likely represent hypersensitivity/exaggerated response to inhaled pro-inflammatory agents such as hay dust, moulds, spores, forage mites, endotoxins and inorganic components which cause significant distal airway inflammation in susceptible horses (Robinson and Chairperson, 2001). The relative importance of these allergens in the aetiopathogenesis of RAO is difficult to determine; it’s likely all contribute through an additive and/or synergistic mechanism (Pirie et al, 2003). Endoscopic examination revealed excess mucus as a result of neutrophilic inflammation and a blunted carina due to oedema and remodelling (Koblinger et al, 2011). Changes within the airway result from mucus metaplasia, smooth muscle hypertrophy and fibrosis. Bronchospasm of the airway alongside mucus and neutrophil accumulation leads to obstruction (Robinson et al, 2000). The initial treatment with a mucolytic, dembrexine hydrochloride (Sputolosin, Boerhinger Ingleheim) initially provided improvement in clinical signs by fragmenting the sputum fibre network so reducing mucus viscoelasticity (Matthews, Hackett and Lawton, 1988). The owner was reluctant to perform a BAL initially due to the increased stress to the horse. The initial TW cytology couldn’t confirm a diagnosis despite the presence of Curschmann’s spirals which can indicate RAO (Reed and Bayly, 1998). Although it’s important to interpret culture results in light of cytology and clinical signs, paying less attention to scanty mixed growths of bacteria, the culture results were used to direct initial treatment for a possible bacterial tracheitis (McGorum, 2007). In this case where the clinical signs and signalment supported RAO a BAL alongside the TW would have provided a more reliable diagnosis. A BAL is more representative of the lower airways as it allows elucidation of the cellular response to lung injury (Derksen et al, 1989). Macrophages and lymphocytes are the predominant cell populations in BAL in normal horses whereas RAO is characterised by a non-septic inflammatory reaction, >25% neutrophils of the total nucleated cel l count (Robinson, 2001). Management of this disease involves three principles; environmental control to reduce allergens, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and bronchodilators to relieve respiratory distress (Durham, 2001). It can be difficult to persuade owners that environmental changes are as important as medical treatment. In many cases clinical remission can be achieved by moving horses to either pasture or an indoor low-airborne dust environment (Vandenput et al, 1998). Green pasture is the best option to reduce clinical signs and horses should remain outdoors at all times with a supplementary pelleted diet; this was not practicable in this case (Jackson et al, 2000). The limited available turnout during winter made management problematic. Bedding on rubber matting in conjunction with cardboard and shredded paper provides the lowest dust levels for a stabled horse (Tanner et al, 1998). In most horses with RAO the main source of dust is from hay and bedding; in this case the horse had originally be en stabled adjacent to the hay barn. Soaking hay reduces the dust challenge however not sufficiently to resolve symptoms of RAO (Clements and Pirie, 2007). Treatment is based around a combination of bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Bronchodilators aim to alleviate respiratory distress associated with bronchospasm. Clenbuterol a B2 adrenergic agonist is most commonly administered orally to effect (Erichsen et al, 1994). In addition to its bronchodilator effect, clenbuterol has also been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect (Lann et al, 2006). The efficacy of inhaled B2 adrenergic agonists has also been recognised, inducing a rapid, significant bronchodilation in horses demonstrating RAO (Bertin et al, 2011). Due to the effectiveness found with inhaled agents in human patients, this route was investigated in horses. By using bronchodilators prior to administration of corticosteroids a deeper penetration of inhaled drug can be achieved (Rush et al, 1998). The horse’s demeanour in this case made him suitable for inhaled medications and he tolerated treatment well. The advantage of inhaled corticosteroids is that a higher concentration of drug can be administered locally to the airways leading to a rapid onset of action, reducing the dose required and the subsequent side effects associated with corticosteroids (Duvvier et al, 1997). In severe cases systemic steroids are used initially to improve lung function as inhaled steroids require good pulmonary distribution to be effective (Ammann et al, 2008). MDI are not licensed for horses and therefore they were used with due consideration of the cascade and the owners informed consent for the use of off-label medications according to Section 4.17 of the Supporting Guidance to the RCVS Code of Professional Conduct (RCVS, 2014). They are most efficient and effective when used with a ‘spacer’ which directs flow of the drug through a one way valve which opens on inspiration. The AeroHippus EAC, (Trundell Medical) is designed to be used with a MDI. The presence of the Flow-Vu ® indicator enables owners to count the number of breaths the horse has taken through the chamber and ensures a satisfactory seal, both of which aid the correct and optimal delivery of the drug to the lungs (Trundell Medical International, 2015). Nebulisers can also be used to distribute aerosol medication. Nebulisation has been shown to improve drug concentration in the lungs while minimising systemic concentrations and potential toxicity (Sustronck et al, 1995). Fultz et al (2014) demonstrated that delivery via nebulization can increase the concentration of a drug in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) (Fultz et al, 2014). A Flexineb nebuliser was tried with this case due to its chronic nature and the clinical signs subsequently resolved. Although the mainstay of treatment is corticosteroids, recurrence of clinical signs will recur within 3days of treatment cessation if environment improvements are not made (Jackson et al, 2000). There is evidence of persistent chronic peripheral airway obstruction, in the absence of neutrophilic airway inflammation, even when RAO cases are maintained in a low dust environment. This supports the evidence for development of irreversible ultrastructural changes in the lung induced by prolonged repeated exacerbation, but also low grade airway inflammation (Miskovic et al, 2007). In these cases thoracic radiographs should be used to rule out irreversible lung pathology (Lavoie et al, 2004). Bibliography Ammann, V., Vrins, A. and Lavoie, J. (1998). Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on respiratory function in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Equine Veterinary Journal, 30(2), pp.152-157. Bertin, F., Ivester, K. And Couà «til, L. (2011). Comparative efficacy of inhaled albuterol between two hand-held delivery devices in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Veterinary Journal, 43(4), pp.393-398. Clements, J. and Pirie, R. (2007). Respirable dust concentrations in equine stables. Part 2: The benefits of soaking hay and optimising the environment in a neighbouring stable. Research in Veterinary Science, 83(2), pp.263-268. Derksen, F., Brown, C., Sonea, I., Darien, B. and Robinson, N. (1989). Comparison of transtracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in 50 horses with chronic lung disease. Equine Veterinary Journal, 21(1), pp.23-26. Durham, A. (2001). Update on therapeutics for obstructive pulmonary diseases in horses. In Practice, 23(8), pp.474-481. Duvivier, D., Votion, D., Vandenput, S. and Lekeux, P. (1997). Aerosol therapy in the equine species. The Veterinary Journal, 154(3), pp.189-202. Fairbairn, S., Lees, P., Page, C. and Cunningham, F. (1993). Duration of antigen-induced hyperresponsiveness in horses with allergic respiratory disease and possible links with early airway obstruction. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 16(4), pp.469-476. Fultz, L., Giguà ¨re, S., Berghaus, L., Grover, G. and Merritt, D. (2014). Pulmonary pharmacokinetics of desfuroylceftiofur acetamide after nebulisation or intramuscular administration of ceftiofur sodium to weanling foals. Equine Vet Journal, [article first published online 5 September 2014] Hotchkiss, J., Reid, S. and Christey, R. (2007). A survey of horse owners in Great Britain regarding horses in their care. Part 1: Horse demographic characteristics and management. Equine Veterinary Journal, 39(4), pp.294-300. Hoffman, A. (2008). Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Sampling Technique and Guidelines for Cytologic Preparation and Interpretation. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 24(2), pp.423-435. Gerber, V., King, M., Schneider, D. and Robinson, N. (2000). Tracheobronchial mucus viscoelasticity during environmental challenge in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Veterinary Journal, 32(5), pp.411-417. Jackson, C.A., Berney, C., Jefcoat, A.M. and Robinson, N.E. (2000). Environment and prednisone interactions in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Equine Veterinary Journal. 32, pp432-438. Koblinger, K., Nicol, J., McDonald, K., Wasko, A., Logie, N., Weiss, M. and Là ©guillette, R. (2011). Endoscopic Assessment of Airway Inflammation in Horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 25(5), pp.1118-1126. Laan, T., Bull, S., Pirie, R. and Fink-Gremmels, J. (2006). The anti-inflammatory effects of IV administered clenbuterol in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. The Veterinary Journal, 171(3), pp.429-437. Lavoie, J., Dalle, S., Breton, L. and Hà ©lie, P. (2004). Bronchiectasis in Three Adult Horses with Heaves. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 18(5), pp.757-760. Leclere, M., Lavoie-Lamoureux, A. and Lavoie, J. (2011). Heaves, an asthma-like disease of horses. Respirology, 16(7), pp.1027-1046. Matthews, A., Hackett, I. and Lawton, W. (1988). The mucolytic effect of Sputolosin in horses with respiratory disease. Veterinary Record, 122(5), pp.106-108. McGorum, B. (2007). Equine respiratory medicine and surgery. Saunders Elsevier. (5) pp565-590 Miskovic, M., Couà «til, L. and Thompson, C. (2007). Lung Function and Airway Cytologic Profiles in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction Maintained in Low-Dust Environments. Journal Veterinary Internal Medicine, 21(5), p.1060. Pirie, R., Collie, D., Dixon, P. and McGorum, B. (2003). Inhaled endotoxin and organic dust particulates have synergistic proinflammatory effects in equine heaves (organic dust-induced asthma). Clinical Experimental Allergy, 33(5), pp.676-683 Rcvs.org.uk, (2014). 4. Veterinary medicines RCVS. [online] Available at: http://www.rcvs.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/code-of-professional-conduct-for-veterinary-surgeons/supporting-guidance/veterinary-medicines/ [Accessed 18 Feb. 2015]. Reed, S. and Bayly, W. (1998). Equine internal medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders. Chapter 9, pp341 Robinson, N.E., Olszewski, M.A., Boehler, D., Berney, C., Hakala, J., Matson, C. and Derksen, F.J. (2000). Relationship between clinical signs and lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) during a bronchodilator trial. Equine Veterinary Journal. 32, pp393-400. Robinson, N. and Chairperson, W. (2001). International Workshop on Equine Chronic Airway Disease Michigan State University 16-18 June 2000. Equine Veterinary Journal, 33(1), pp.5-19. Rush, B., Raub, E., Rhodes, W. S., et al. (1998). Pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59, pp1039-1043 Sustronck, B., Deprez, P., Muylle, E., Vermeersch, H., Vandenbossche, G. and Remon, J. (1995). Evaluation of the nebulisation of sodium ceftiofur in the treatment of experimental Pasteurella haemolytica bronchopneumonia in calves. Research in Veterinary Science, 59(3), pp.267-271. Tanner, M., Swinker, A., Traub-Dargatz, J., Stiffler, L., McCue, P., Vanderwall, D., Johnson, D. and Vap, L. (1998). Respiratory and environmental effects of recycled phone book paper versus sawdust as bedding for horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 18(7), pp.468-476. Trundell Medical International (2015) AeroHippus. http://www.trundellmed.com/animal-health/aerohippus [4 February 2015] Vandenput, S., Duvivier, D., Votion, D., Art, T. and Lekeux, P. (1998). Environmental control to maintain stabled COPD horses in clinical remission: effects on pulmonary function. Equine Veterinary Journal, 30(2), pp.93-96.