Principle of Equality before the Law in Nigerian Government and Politics

Principle of Equality before the Law in Nigerian Government and Politics Free Online Research Papers The application of the rule of law is the principle that governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedural steps that are referred to as due process. The principle of the rule of law is intended to be a safeguard against arbitrary governance, whether by a totalitarian leader or democratic leader. Samuel Rutherford was one of the first modern authors to give the principle theoretical foundations, in Lex, Rex (1644), and later Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). In his Law of the Constitution, Dicey identified three principles which together establish the rule of law: (1) the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power; (2) equality before the law or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary courts; and (3) the law of the constitution is a consequence of the rights of individuals as defined and enforced by the courts. This is the fundamental rules governing the conduct of government business. The emphasis here is on the principle of equality before the law. Every citizen – irrespective of educational qualification, social status, position, gender, religion, and age is expected to be treated equally in the event of breach of the law of the land. For example, if the president c of Nigeria stole a Goat, and an ordinary man on the street stole a Goat, the duo should receive similar punishment for the offence. In fact, the president should receive a more severe punishment their economic status and social placement. Many Americans might have been involved in raping unnoticed. But when the former American president, Bill Clinton was alleged of sexual harassment in the famous Monica Lewinsky saga, he was called for open interrogation and defense. This scenario is literally impossible in Nigeria. Here, contracts are awarded after close door ‘meetings’ in Sheraton Hotel, Bolingo Hotel, Hotel Presidential, or any other popular hotel in town. The same mess takes place in our institutions of higher learning where passing an examination is a function of meeting-up with the sexual and/or financial desire of lectures both male and female alike. In Nigeria, the atrocities of the leaders are covered by presidential and parliamentary immunities while the common man on the street is exposed to untold harassment in the name of law enforcement. Equality before the law has been and will remain illusory in Nigeria. It is in Nigeria that governance is to the interest of few individuals and to the detriment of the ever-increasing mass of greatly impoverished, oppressed and depressed people. It is a point that has caused and will continue to cause mass exodus of people in search of greener aperture hence aggravating brain drain in the country. Some people are living as second class citizen in there country. Recently, I was traveling from Abuja to Lokoja and a man frankly told me that he prefers being a slave in somebody’s country that being a slave in his own country. That is the thinking of many Nigerians because of the ever-increasing misery and deprivation. When some people are sacred cows and others suffer for their mischief, the inevitable consequence may be the accelerating spate of armed rubbery and organized crime. For instance, an administration that introduced the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), and the Independent Corrupt Practices and other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) shouldn’t have been enmeshed in a deep rooted crisis of $16 billion power sector scandal. But my worry with Nigeria and Nigerians is that such fellow will still escape the eagle eye of both the legislators, executives and even those ‘crime fighting institutions’. Somebody may ask why? Well you can answer the question yourself. What has happened to the likes of General Ibrahim Babangida, General Abdulsalami Abubakar and a whole lot of others that looted our treasury and send Nigeria to the comity of Highly Indebted Poor Countries of the World (HIPC). The truth is that Nigeria is not poor but has been impoverished by it l eaders. That reminds me of the comment made by Professor C. Achebe as far back as the 80s that the problem of Nigeria is the â€Å"problem of leadership.† The trial of Ministers involved in the sharing of N300 million is another trying period for Nigeria the Lawmakers and other stakeholders who partook in this unholy act should be brought to book as well. This is an onerous task of the administration of President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua. I do hope that fairness, due process, accountability, respect for the rule of law will be vigorously pursued. The enforcement of the principle of equality before the law through an expression of dogged political will is expedient of a stable political system. We believed that as the present administration musters the desire political will and commitment, the whole notion of sacred cow which has hitherto privilege some few individuals above the avalanche greatly impoverished people will be drastically reduced. The declarations of President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua and his action hitherto have clearly proved that there is hope for Nigeria and Nigerians. PETER, Abraham, Ojoarome2003@yahoo.com, Nsukka, Nigeria. Research Papers on Principle of Equality before the Law in Nigerian Government and PoliticsUnreasonable Searches and Seizures19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

System analysis and method designed (MIS class report) Essay

System analysis and method designed (MIS class report) - Essay Example â€Å"In this method each step has definite opening and ending point, with particular deliveries to the subsequently phase† (Als and Greenidge). The image given below shows the details of this model. This project requires less human resource for the overall development of the project. Here through this model we can develop the overall system with a small development team. Because this model works in a sequence and second phase can only be completed after the successful completion of the first phase (Sage, Andrew and & Palmer). â€Å"The Waterfall model is the straightforward and extensively accepted/followed software development model, however like any other software development models; Waterfall model has also its disadvantages. Spiral Model for software development was developed with the purpose of conquering the disadvantages of the Waterfall Model† (Parekh). This software development methodology is composed of iterative nature of the prototyping and systematic aspects of the linear sequential model. This software development methodology provides potential for development of incremental version of the software. Through this software development methodology we can have series of incremental releases of the software system. Its early versions are designed to collect more and better requirements from the client (Pressman). The image given below shows the working of this model: This software development methodology works in small increments and evaluates toward a big and comprehensive system implementation, so this software development methodology usually requires small project development team (Sommerville). This type of software development methodology is usually implemented for the medium to large projects. Mainly this software development methodology is best for the system those are huge, complex, and all requirements are not available at the start of the project (Pressman). The better interaction among

Humans Place within the natural world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Humans Place within the natural world - Essay Example In addition, artists such as Arthur Durand, Thomas Cole, and poet William Cullen Bryant also contributed greatly to past and modern understanding of the place of human being in the natural world. Because of the differing views and the subsequent contributions of these renowned artists, the world today has a better grasp and understanding of the presence and the purpose of human being on earth. People currently have a better perceptive of their purpose in life and the manner in which they should interact not only with humans and non-human animals but also with the rests of the natural world. What is more, the ideas advocated by these people in their artistic works have enabled humankind to make more sense of the social, cultural, economical, and social forces and structures in the civilized world. Although they contributed to the rich artistic history of the American people in different ways, Ralph Waldo, Henry David Thoreau, and Usher B. Durant contributed to the artistic history of America in almost similar manner. Waldo, an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, spearheaded the Transcendentalist movement in the USA the mid-19th century. In so doing, Waldo criticized the societal pressures that dogged peoples’ lives and emphasized individualism in his many published works. In fact, by championing Transcendentalism in many of his published works, Waldo slowly moved away from his contemporaries with whom he had professed rather radical religious and social beliefs. Among the core essences of life as perceived by Waldo included social, cultural, and religious ideas that he did not impose on people but gradually developed to endear people to these perceptions.

This is a Book report see details below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

This is a Book report see details below - Essay Example Jesus as a figure in history is undoubtedly a very important and pertinent topic for today. There is a persistent question about Jesus that defies an easy answer. Which Jesus is easier to accept and believe The Jesus that the gospels proclaim as the Son of God who came to be born of a virgin with his divine attributes and claims, two millennia ago Or the Jesus that history is willing to accept and record to the extent science and circumstances allow us to explain and prove This treatise is intended to explore the aspect of Jesus as an historical figure. For this purpose, it is necessary to go into the various details that denote history. Details such as ancestry, creed, social and religious customs and background of the relevant times, Jesus' personality, occupation, credentials, circle of friend, relatives and acquaintances, political scenario, and so forth. The study of the historical Jesus naturally implies the study of the old and new testaments as well as church history. In order to secure the views of every reliable source, fairness demands that nothing must be seen to be explained away as irrelevant, immaterial and conclusive. As of date, the socio-rhetorical interpretations technique is ideal in getting close to the historical Jesus because of its meticulous approach and openness to scrutiny. It uses insights from sociolinguists, semiotics, rhetoric, ethnography, literary studies, social sciences, and goes on to interrelate ancient, modern and post modern systems and schools of thought.(1) Nothwithstanding the means available to get to the details on the history of Jesus, questions galore. Enigmatic rationalists and cultists crop up ever so often with profound and radical claims relating to the history, personality and even "matrimonial facts" about Jesus. Controversies exist relating to even simple incidents as: Was Jesus really baptized by John Did he really feed the four and five thousand Did he really raise Lazarus from the dead What did Jesus mean when he said the kingdom of God was at hand And so forth and so on. (2) The Present Status Until the Middle Ages, leave alone Jesus, it was difficult to gain access to the scriptures for simple meditation. Those who did encourage study of the scriptures like Martin Luther and William Tyndale, who had to pay for it with his life, were publicly ridiculed and warned to desist by the custodians of faith at the highest levels. Of course, their successors regret it now! Even after the scriptures became accessible to the common man, for a long period of time, a study of Jesus in the historical context was frowned upon as akin to apostasy. As a student of history, questions on Jesus could not be freely discussed which otherwise in theological context could have been considered too provocative and even sacrilegious. For instance, the question on the virgin birth of Christ is bound to figure prominently in the historical context whereas in the theological sense it could mean inviting trouble. Coming to healings, miracles and exorcism, the controversy only generates more heat and dust and very little light. Historically, as of now science is in no position to unearth evidence of events and oral statements recorded as having been made but for which there exist no solid proof except their confirmation by the

Collaborative Highly Effective Team Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collaborative Highly Effective Team - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that lack of trust – Trust is very important in any group, since if you don’t trust other members then you can’t work together since you can’t agree with their ideas because you don’t have trust in them in the first place.As the study highlights that the presence of conflicts – Where there is no agreement always leads to arising of conflicts. If they don’t respect each other as a group, then it will never work. Lack of commitment – In such a situation no one wants to be committed since they don’t agree with each other before they can do a thing. Avoidance of accountability – In a team that is ineffective everyone doesn’t want to be responsible for the consequences that arise. They don’t care what comes out of the actions. The leader ought to operate in a way that protects the vision of the team. When a conflict arises a team leader must ensure that everyone is still committ ed to the team vision. A leader must make sure that the conflicts do not interfere with the vision. A leader must make sure that there is a mutual respect between the two parties involved in the conflict after it has been resolved.  Create time for team members to appreciate each other’s skills - The team should have time to get to appreciate the work of every member by doing this it helps boost the team’s confidence.  Managing emotional concerns that can help the progress – When there is a burning issue the member should come out and express it.  

Shell Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shell Canada - Essay Example The company specializes in the production and sale of a number of products including natural gas, crude oil, solvents, diesel fuels, gas, ethane, butane, asphalts, propane, lubricating oils, greases, sulphur, gasoline and natural gas liquids, just to name but a few. Shell also provides a number of services which include refining, marketing, and transporting petroleum products (Shell Canada Limited, 2007). Value chain Shell’s value chain refers to all the activities that take place in the company with the aim of increasing customer satisfaction while managing cost of production effectively. In this regard, Shell has three key value chain components, including fuel supply, customer support, and maintenance. As such, once the petroleum products have been produced, Shell ensures that they are transported to the customers efficiently and timely. In addition, the company has an efficient customer support team whose mandate is to ensure that customer’s demands are met. The maintenance component of Shell’s value chain is concerned with ensuring that the plant and transport facilities are in good condition to enhance the production and supply of products to the customers (Shell Canada Limited, 2007). Competitors Shell Canada operates in a very competitive business environment. In fact, most of its strategies are aimed at ensuring that it competes favorably with other players in the industry. Currently, Shell Canada has three major competitors, which include Imperial Oil Limited, Suncor Energy Inc., and Canadian Natural Resources Limited. This company poses the greatest threat to Shell Canada in the oil industry (Shell Canada Limited, 2007). ... ive strategy The management of Shell Canada understands that, for the company to gain competitive advantage of its main rivals, it must improve the quality of product and service delivery to its customers. In this regard, the company focuses on the production of quality petroleum products that suit the needs of its customers. The company has also focused on the delivery of best customer service by establishing a customer support department that handles all customer queries and problems. In addition, the company intends to have a wide outreach by exploring and producing petroleum products in other countries. This will help increase its customer base, thereby according it a competitive advantage over its rivals. Further, the company is in the process of designing the most modern technology that will enable it conduct deep-sea exploration as a means of moving ahead of its competitors. At the same time, Shell intends to adopt a technology that will enable the company produces petroleum i n an environmental friendly manner. The company believes that reducing environmental pollution will enable it explore several markets without resistance from the governments and the locals (Shell Canada Limited, 2007). Q#2. The world has experienced rapid technological advancements over the past few decades. The new technological have had a huge impact in most business operations. In fact, no single company can compete favorably in the present business environment without the integration of technology. The same applies to Shell Canada, whose competitiveness depends on how well it introduces and uses technology. Currently, Shell can benefit significantly by introducing a number of technologies in its business operations. ERP Firstly, the implementation of ERP technology can be of huge

Fundamentals of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fundamentals of Finance - Essay Example Fundamentals of Finance Retained earnings means the amount of profit held by an organization, and that should be utilized for meeting the several requirements, except the payment of dividend. Break even point is a point at which the total cost and income equals, so at this point there should not be the question of profit or loss arises. So, the exhaustion of retained earnings also strongly related to the fundamental financing decisions and its implications. Break Even Point (BEP Output) in Units= Fixed Expenses/Contribution per unit.(C) Assume, fixed expenses (F) costs  £60000; selling price per unit  £15; variable cost per unit  £10. Therefore, BEP= F/C per unit. Contribution (in unit) = Selling price per unit_ Variable cost per unit. i.e.  £15_ £10=5 BEP=  £60000/5= 12000 Units. The composite of overall cost of capital of a firm is considered as the weighted average cost of several sources of funds. Weights are taken as the proportion of each source of funds in the overall capital structure of an enterprise. WACC is computed through a step by step process, such as Calculating the cost of specific sources of funds, then multiplying the cost of each source by its proportion in capital structure, and adding the weighted component costs. That is, K0= K1 W1 + K2 W2+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦; here, K1, K2 etc. are component costs and W1, W2 etc. are weights. Assume total number of equity shares is 1000 shares,  £35/share,  £35000 is the equity capital or NP. While Dividend is  £1750, i.e. 5% of  £35000, and the cash dividend is  £3.25/ share, i.e. 1000 shares @ £3.25/ share is amounted to  £3250.